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ESSENTIAL NOTIONS:
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| - thanks to a conditioning and a neutralizing technology, it is possible to transform - with a cold -and a not pollutant process - solid refuses and bio solids into building trade and urban furnish materials, with the exclusion of those defined dangerous and noxious; |
| - the process, based on the patent of the Professor Architect Raffaello Bemabei, has been prepared and verified at the Experimental Institute of Construction Industry of Guidonia and at the University of Rome "La Sapienza", department of Structural and Geo-technical Engineering. The assessment of the technical-scientific congruity of the patent has been issued by the CNR (National Research Council) and certified by the CREA Consortium (Constructions Research Energy Environment), composed by: |
| ANPA CNR C.R.E.A. Corp Scrl Ministry of Industry Council ENEA ENEL IMI Ministry of Industry Ministry of Work Ministry of Health University of Udine University of Venice |
| - this process permits to transform volumes of SUR of any dimension, but mostly: |
a) there are no secondary environmental impacts; therefore we don't even have the disadvantages of the classic refuse disposal methods, landfills and thermo-destruction, which are the cause of heavy and irreversible relapses of pollution. |
b) the treatment has lower running costs than the two traditional treatments, and it has also an economic advantage due to the possibility of selling the resulting materials. |
| - the material obtained by the transformation has a specific weight comprised between 1,200 and 1,500 g/cm3, lighter than many construction and inert materials usually aggregated at concrete: the present invention gives many technical applications. |
| #DUMPS |
| Disposal system of solid urban refuses and/or wastewater sludge that actually has been put inside large collection basins designated as dumps. The dumps, as we know, have a great environmental impact, and, even with strict operating regulations, are often insufficient to minimize the ecological imbalance that they create. |
| Waterproofing does not guarantee in any way a perfect seal, permitting percolation and diffusion to the deep rock strata of the products of anaerobic fermentation and toxic substances present in the untreated refuse. |
| Moreover, during the process of decomposition of the refuse, a lightly-percolated acid forms (pH 5,6-6), with a high content of BOD5 (5-7,000), containing nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, nitrites, different heavy metals. Moreover, the high amount of bacteriological components, present from the beginning, contains various pathogenic microorganisms, among which we can highlight "streptococci" and "escherichia coli". |
| Despite the attention of people working in the field of waste management, today we have not yet found adequate solutions, especially with regard to forecasting and precautionary measures, and to the problems connected with the use of dumps for disposal of solid urban refuse: degradation of the environment, pollution of the atmosphere and the water-bearing strata, odor, rodents, etc. Today there is strong pressure from the populace to move the dumps completely away from inhabited areas and from factories, parks - anyplace connected with people's lives. |
| #INCINERATORS WHY INCINERATION IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE? |
| In recent years, it was thought that a new technology would be the answer to refuse disposal: incineration, which, if includes heat recovery, is called "thermal destruction". |
| It is undeniable that from the point of view of environmental impact, incineration produces an imbalance in the ecosystem, because of the large quantities of anhydrous carbon produced, the consumption of enormous amounts of oxygen, and because of the production of dioxin, due to the presence of plastic materials. |
| Dioxin, specifically, the 2-3-7-8 tetrachlorodibenzene-paradioxin (tCDD), is a highly dangerous compound if ingested, inhaled, or simply contacted. This is because the development of combustion occurs at a temperature in excess of 800oC where the dioxin has already decomposed. |
| Moreover, the dust settling on electro filters in thermal destructors shows traces of the pollutant xenobiotics, micro pollutants from the same chemical group as dioxin. Such traces are checked with special equipment of "fragmentography" and are measured in nanograms: the dioxin represents 1/1000 of this quantity, rated at 0.1 parts per billion. That leads us to say that a thermal destructor of 100 tons/day can produce in one year's continuous time cycle, 150 mg of dioxin. It can also be concluded that such operational thermal destruction has affected the environment, emitting a high quantity of dioxin, reaching up to 80 kg. an hour. |
| Moreover, the burning of wastewater sludge and solid urban refuse produces an elevated level of anhydrous sulfur, which combines with combustion steam to produce sulfuric acid, therefore increasing acid rain. |
| The problem of emissions is still considerable and difficult to manage, while the disposal of ash needs an adequate solution. |
| In conclusion, this type of process is characterized by enormous costs and by pollution resulting from the activity itself. |
| #COMPOSTING |
| Nor is the recovered compost able to find a place in the market as fertilizer, because it contains small quantities of plastic, glass and heavy metals and also because it shows up as low-grade fertilizer, rendering agricultural workers reluctant to use it. For this reason the recovered compost, not having a place in the market, is gathered and disposed in a dump (with higher cost to the citizens). |
| #RECYCLING |
| It has been noticed as well, that separation and recycling of the many constituent commodities of SUR is not convenient, because of high levels of energy consumption or low market return value of the recycled products. That is why the recovery of the recyclable part, represents 45 % of the organic fraction. |
| In fact, many industries using the process of separation are not able to get rid of the recovered products that "remain", without being sold, inside the plant because of the elevated regeneration costs that reutilization demands. |
| # RDF |
| The SUR transformation process of recovery with energy objectives as a goal has had more success than the previous process. The energy recovered is obtained from the portion with higher fueling potential. The result is RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel), used as an alternative combustible in central thermoelectric facilities, cement plants, etc. |
| It can be seen from all this that it is advantageous to treat all the substances making up the component commodity classes of SUR, whether it be the dry fraction or the moist fraction. The sector can realize economic value from the treatment of the dry fraction - the recyclable part. |
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